At least so far as Apple has adopted the open office craze, innovation and sales have dropped with Tim Cook taking a recent pay cut for poor performance.
Yes, Apple is moving to open offices in the new Cupertino headquarters, the "spaceship," but that is not how they achieved their big success with the iPhone.
I don't have the cites handy but my recollection is that the specific iPhone teams (hardware and software) were working long hours in the open around conference tables. That subgroup was isolated from the rest of Apple employees because of the secrecy so yes in that sense, they weren't "open" on the gigantic scale of Facebook.
Apple is sufficiently secretive that indeed some other teams might have been in open offices. Not the ones that I saw or interacted with. I was working on a key part of the iPhone and iPad technology.
Many of the teams are not (or only recently) switched to open offices. I think it's quite unrealistic to try and attribute bing/mobile performance to something that wasn't even largely rolled out at the onset of those competitions, as opposed to the occams razor of well discussed strategy issues in those markets. As much as I'm a proponent of private offices, to attribute business success to one or the other (and not just as an added cost function that may move the needle slightly) seems to be focusing on the more minor of all the things that could lead to a product success/failure. In that vein I think employee satisfaction _is_ key, as a longterm trend of unhappiness (from ANY source) CAN lead to the sort of things that do disrupt key product delivery. (see sister posts on the cost of turnover discussion, etc)
What is needed is an interventional study or a few.
And to your point about anecdotes supporting either narrative: Microsoft was defeated by open-office search company (Google vs Bing), defeated by open-office smartphone company (Apple iPhone vs Windows Phone), defeated by open-office cloud services company (Amazon AWS vs MS Azure). Perhaps we shouldn't be surprised that Microsoft has transitioned away from private offices towards open plans in their newer buildings.[1]
I've been looking for compelling evidence that proves the superiority of private offices but haven't found any. The business case studies showing superior performance that's directly caused by private offices don't exist. Yeah, surveys of employees exist but not superior business results.
[1]http://www.geekwire.com/2014/microsoft-developer-division/