They have simplified templates, aka generics.

The biggest difference is that templates are more expressive, allowing for compile time meta-programming.

I'd rather say templates are a hack to get generics in C++, because C++ lacks real generics contrary to eg. Java, C#, Haskell or Scala. Templates used as generics are limited in a way that the typechecker can't reason about generic types, only concrete types, which leads to horrendeous error messages and makes it impossible to prove generic library code type-safety. Type templates are templates, not types.

On the other hand templates used as a metaprogramming tool fall behind any modern macro system.

Rust is getting there but still lacks type-level integers, and macros are waiting for macros 2.0. It would also be neat to have the ability to run any function at compile time, but I don't think that's in the cards.

True, but as someone that spends the majority of his programming time between Java and C#, with C++ only when required, I do miss their power.

Also it is way better with latest standard improvements.

Sure, and those without templates, or at least generics, aren't type-safe.