Well technically that specific train was a stunt (at the time BHP Billiton's regular run used 336 cars and 6~8 locomotives, now 264 cars and 4 locomotives), other commenters have answered as to why you'd want to run longer trains (and AFAIK modern trains rarely run a single locomotive these days, a pair is just more efficient and convenient even on passenger trains)

See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_power for more information on running distributed power.