Judging from my own experience, spending some time through the start of Skiena's Algorithm Design Manual, with a side of Programming Pearls or Practice of Programming, would do wonders and easily outstrip a CS education. I'd say you could do it in less than 200 hours, which is about 3 weeks of dedicated bootcamper time.

Maybe dev-bootcamp should offer an optional extra module?

As a bootcamp grad m'self who would love to do more deep dives into algos/data structures, I'm intrigued. Any other recs?