I think it's possible that these things just fundamentally take more time to learn well. I'd be happy to be proven wrong, however.
Judging from my own experience, spending some time through the start of Skiena's Algorithm Design Manual, with a side of Programming Pearls or Practice of Programming, would do wonders and easily outstrip a CS education. I'd say you could do it in less than 200 hours, which is about 3 weeks of dedicated bootcamper time.
Maybe dev-bootcamp should offer an optional extra module?
As a bootcamp grad m'self who would love to do more deep dives into algos/data structures, I'm intrigued. Any other recs?
Or, if I may suggest, a low-level/algorithmic bootcamp.