I've consumed caffeine to the point of serious gastric distress and very mild heart palpitations and I've never experienced synesthesia. I'm unwilling to push beyond that to higher doses, but two or three 12-cup pots a day of light roast filtered black coffee is about average for me, so what the Hell? Is there just that much individual variation here?
Perhaps someone can design an (safe) experiment to measure the effect of caffeine in synesthesia ...
A "medium-size coffeehouse coffee" (at Starbucks) is 16 fl.oz. Here in Europe, that's not really a normal cup of coffee.
If you're in the Bay Area and really want to go nuts with your caffeine for whatever reason, Dutch Bros in North Bay / East Bay (usually go there when I'm by Sac) has drinks on their menu with 6 shots: http://dutchbros.com/AboutUs/OurMenu and they're atypically strong per-shot.
3-4 cups might be on the high end of the safe spectrum, depending on what your idea of a "cup" is. (For the record, 3 half-litre beer steins of coffee a day turned out to be a spectacularly bad idea, even if hearing colours was briefly entertaining.)