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Re:PostgreSQL Indexes: First principles by ars on Friday February 26, 2016 @02:55PM (#11183723)
Despite the title saying PostgreSQL this doesn't go into any PostgreSQL specific topics like function based indexes, or partial indexes.

The stuff here is universal and applies to any database (perhaps with some terminology change).

Re:PostgreSQL Indexes: First principles by officialchicken on Friday February 26, 2016 @08:43PM (#11185637)
A simple demonstration of spatial indexes used with WKT/WKB or various shape and geometry column types in GIS databases would be helpful in understanding how an index is used in a typical spatial query (e.g. distance, contains/bounds, or intersects).

There are also video and image (e.g. histogram) indexes in postgres as well, but they're much more rare.