thelittleyes
To your points:
1. Stock options vesting and accomplishing something meaningful to show your value to your next employer are tactical considerations to make if you've decided to leave. So you're right that if you establish that your current place of employment won't allow you to satisfy your intrinsic motivations, isn't in a context you're interested in, or won't let you accomplish your lifestyle goals, you need a plan to quit. In creating that plan you'd need to consider the questions you asked, but those are more questions of when to quit, or how to quit, rather than if you should quit.
2. Money to fill you bank account is a shallow reason to work - working to support your family or send your kids to college isn't - those are intrinsic motivations - to feel like you're providing for your family - or to feel like you're being a good parent - working to get money in your bank account speaks to responding, like trying to get peer recognition, to an extrinsic motivator - earning more money. Many of my peers when I was in my 20's worked for the money, and the toys, but never finding satisfaction in that.
I would submit, and particularly in the case of my clients who are all software engineers, that they are able to fulfill most of their lifestyle/income goals, while still doing a MUCH better job of understanding what kind of work they want to be doing, and pursuing career opportunities that provide those to them.
I help people think through these kinds of situations all the time with my work. If you're interested I'll give you a HN special of a free phone call so we can figure this out together. I'm not going to sell you on anything, so don't worry about that. If you're interested email samuel at thelittleyes.com
You can learn more about what I do here: http://www.thelittleyes.com
1. Working 4 hours a day 48 weeks a year 2. Working 8 hours a day for a month, working only every other month?
If you answered #1 that's part-time, if you answered #2 that's freelance or contract work. Those are obviously generalizations but the exercise is still useful.
You may want to check out UpWork or www.remoteok.io for contract and part-time jobs.
I hope this helped some.
I'm a firm believer that an interview is a two-way process, and that if you don't feel a question is a good one, helping the interviewer rephrase/reframe it so you can have a more fruitful conversation.