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As a former manager at a big corporate, I just wanted to point out that the budget available to managers to make counteroffers is often very different to the budget available for ad hoc or periodic raises based on performance. This is especially true if you are willing and able to show the offer letter to prove it's real.

I've leveraged an offer to get my compensation increased several times, without having to actually leave, and it did nothing to harm my standing with my employer. If anything, my immediate management respected me more for "playing the system" to my advantage.

Finally do make sure you question any "wisdom" that taking the counteroffer is a bad idea is coming from. It is often repeated by recruiters, but clearly this is for self-serving reasons, so beware of that.

Sphinx offers a great balance for me, with its ability to have free-form markdown-like (restructured text) files, combined with the ability to bring in documentation from comments/docstrings in the source code (via "autodoc").

This is what a mathematician would call a function. In particular a multivariate function. This comes up throughout mathematics, but particularly in algebra, calculus and analysis.

If you want to look at how small changes in inputs affect the output ("sensitivity analysis"), multivariate calculus can help with that.

If you want to find particular values of the V0, V1, etc which give the highest or lowest output value, that is called mathematical optimization. What kind of optimization (linear, quadratic, local, global etc) depends exactly on what your function looks like.