No, that's the definition of causality. Just because you are used to thinking of casual relationships in the context of forward-moving time, doesn't mean that time's arrow has anything to do with it. That's kind of a meta correlation/causation argument.
In physics causality is more appropriately defined in terms of the propagation of forces/information. E.g. if you are farther than a distance c*t away from me, we cannot be causally connected because no signal moving at the speed of light could propagate (either forwards, or backwards in time) to connect our worldlines.
It's more than that. The only way for us to actually tell which way the arrow of time points is by watching causal events.
> In physics causality is more appropriately defined in terms of the propagation of forces/information.
But that's exactly my point, I'm not sure where the miscommunication happened there. I object to the time-flowing-backwards statement in the article, because anyone who suggests a scenario where you're getting younger while being aware of it has left scientific reality behind.
Moving on beyond the article: You can theoretically assert that the propagation of information could just as well happen backwards, but in the real world this becomes just exceedingly unlikely after just a couple of interactions following an event. So yes, this process has everything to do with the direction and the nature of time.
Causality is not just another thing that mysteriously happens in one certain direction, it's a process that by its very nature can only happen in one direction. I have a feeling you're going to object to this, but in my opinion an information theoretical view of time is just as valid - if not more so - than to hang it on the direction of gravity. It's a construct that helps illustrate why time flowing backwards can never be a perceptible/measurable thing.
No. We can take arbitrarily spaced "snapshots" of a closed system, and determine which was taken earlier by measuring entropy. No need for casuality.
That is not correct. A closed system may by convention still exchange energy with the outside (just not any matter). What you're really talking about is called an isolated system, which is a theoretical construct that does not occur in nature.
Fundamentally, time, causality, and entropy are related, especially considering the idea of entropy as seen through a probabilistic lens with information causality in mind (see Pawlowski et al arXiv:0905.2292).
However, I think causality overall has a stronger, more basic link to the direction of time, and here is why: Entropy can always be reduced locally in an open system without affecting the flow of time at all. Causality, on the other hand, is not subject to reversal under any known circumstances, as long as a reasonable amount of information and time is involved. If, by some yet unknown mechanism, causality were reversed then so would be the direction of time, which in turn means the whole thing could not possibly be measured - not even in principle. Hence the argument that this reversal may not be possible since it's literally something that cannot exist in our universe. No such link exists between entropy and time, respectively.
How would change switch direction, actuality revert to potential? would change still be change? I suggest reading Heraclitus, Parmenides, and Aristotle.
With eternal, metaphysical love.
Physics as a science does not depend on metaphysics in any way. When a physicist does his/her work, it does not require the invocation of supernatural principles. While speculation and hypotheses are essential to the scientific process because they drive further exploration, metaphysical arguments on the other hand are just postulates about the nature of reality - and they are in most cases either in direct conflict with observational data, or designed to be un-disprovable.
Now for physics, as in the actual universe. This doesn't depend on metaphysics either. In fact, it's the other way around. As the universe develops, intelligent life emerges, humans in our case. These humans can then invent religion and the supernatural. The physical world came first.
To state that "the physical world came first" is to assert the primacy of existence in opposition to the primacy of consciousness (e.g. Descartes) -- that's correct and that's metaphysics.
I want to close with the observation that whether you're aware of it or not, you're talking about supernatural claims that have been postulated without any scientific evidence.
To make this distinction between the words metaphysical and supernatural feels a bit similar to fundamentalist Christians who assert that they're not religious - a phenomenon which I suspect happens for the same reasons: because they believe their faith represents the "truth" about the universe, it doesn't count as a religion. But to everyone else, it still does.
I subscribe to the evidence of the senses, logic, and science. If you think any discourse about such topics belongs to the supernatural and religious, that's your problem, not mine.
There was another article about this on HN previously.[1]
Why is it that the causal relations existing as a result of elementary forces spreading from one particle to another only ever change in one direction in time? When you map the space of the universe onto two dimensions, you see the effects of forces radiating from their origins as circles. But when you reduce all of space to one dimension and add another dimension of time, those forces only appear as cones, all pointing the same direction. What is stopping the forces from flowing backward, or even sideways in time? The math we're using gives no indication why this is the case. That's what has physicists scratching their heads.
In other words, the "backwards" world he described is exactly the world we live in, since there would be no measurable way to tell the difference. A world where you're getting younger but can only remember the things that happened in the future is pretty much the same as a world where you're getting older but can only remember things that happened in the past.