Here's a handy list: http://www.visualcapitalist.com/forecast-when-well-run-out-o...
>The Earth will never run out of resources, it can't. All you need is energy, and the universe has a stupendous amount of that, we just need to harness it.
You started with how we can't ever run out of resources, and then you added the proviso of harnessing universe's "stupendous amount of energy" (plus finding ways to make those resources by recycling -- and in a non-lossy way at that).
In the actual world, where we don't have this unlimited tappable energy at hand at the moment (and with the limitations of energy production methods) we can very much run out of resources.
Whole lot of technological leaps to get from were we currently are to this "we tap into the universe's energy supplies with great success" and "we recycle everything" state.
But in the real world when there is a shortage people find new sources, figure out alternatives, recycle more, and tons of other things. Like I said several times: Humans create resources when they need them.
> You started with how we can't ever run out of resources, and then you added the proviso
I didn't add it, energy was explicit from the start. We don't have to harness energy from other galaxies, our own home planet has tons, and the sun has far more. The "universe" part is just to say we'll never run out even if it goes short on our planet in the distant future, ignore that part if it bothers you, it's not necessary.
> In the actual world, where we don't have this unlimited tappable energy at hand at the moment (and with the limitations of energy production methods) we can very much run out of resources.
No. We can not run out. You keep underestimating people. If we need it, we'll make it. You don't need unlimited energy, just a finite amount.
Look at water in Israel - 20 years ago they had a shortage, now, they have an abundance. Why? Because they needed it, so they figured out how to make driking water.
If we run short of energy, we'll find a new way to make it. All that is required is the the need. There are tons of untapped energy sources, many of them environmentally clean.
Why don't we tap them now? Because we don't need to. That's all.
I mentioned energy already. If you have energy you can literally create petrol from thin air.
> And there are tons of minerals we use that are of limited supply and non-recycle once used.
No there aren't. If you think there are any then post the name of one.
> Besides any "recycle" cycle creates byproducts that we can't pile up forever.
Those byproducts are made of useful atoms, there is no reason we can not process them. It costs energy to do so, so it's not worth it right now, but that doesn't mean it will always be like that.
The Earth will never run out of resources, it can't. All you need is energy, and the universe has a stupendous amount of that, we just need to harness it.