Most languages don't have functionality to resize an array in place. If you realloc in C, you get back a pointer that may or may not be the same as what you passed in. If you 'new' in Java, you must assign that pointer to your initial variable. If the loop body never assigns to the array, the compiler can be sure that it still points to the same block of memory, and its length will be the same.

This is a specific example of dataflow analysis, which is a fascinating area of compiler design. Usually you'll use something like a use-def chain to figure out all the points where a variable might've been defined. If all of those are outside of the loop, then the computation itself may be moved outside of the loop too, and the loop just refers to the temporary that's the result. I'd encourage you to pick up a book on compiler design if you're interested; here's the Wikipedia article:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Use-define_chain

This explicitly doesn't apply to "smart" containers like Vectors, which automatically resize themselves. If you were to inline these methods, you'd see that the internal buffer pointer may change inside the loop (assuming that you call functions that mutate the object; if you don't, and the language has a notion of const-correctness, a sufficiently smart compiler could probably optimize them too), and so the compiler can't move any code outside. Same with strlen; its return value depends upon the contents of the memory buffer pointed to, so unless the compiler can prove that that memory buffer never changes (hard; any function may reach in through a pointer and set a character to null), it can't optimize the call away.