I'm a fan of CMake for C++ as well, but have also worked on projects that included C++, C++/CLI, and C# and unfortunately CMake support for .NET projects is close to non-existent (there is some, but it's woefully inadequate). I managed to get it to work, but in a very non CMake way (basically generating the .csproj files by replacing variables within the XML with the appropriate value).

As for MSBuild and VS - I thought that Visual Studio actually compiles things with devenv.exe, rather than MSBuild. I remember working on a project where I was trying to set up Jenkins CI to build our projects and MSBuild wouldn't work (because the environment wasn't set up correctly), but using devenv.exe instead worked perfectly.