Here's a fun video on how a modern 8-bit style game was ported to actually run on an NES. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hvx4xXhZMrU

You would probably enjoy the book Racing the Beam http://mitpress.mit.edu/books/racing-beam

For a collection of (mostly consumer-oriented) behind-the-scenes material, check out http://www.reddit.com/r/TheMakingOfGames/

Or, if you want to get really technical http://handmadehero.org/