Moreover, the purpose of the above is to achieve the level of bounds checking that you get with the likes of Java. If you want to go beyond that then you need something more complicated -- maybe add separate variables to the buffer struct for buffer_len and data_len and then have different memcpy functions based on whether you want existing data in the buffer to be truncated. But there comes a point at which further complexity produces more confusion than safety.
> But there comes a point at which further complexity produces more confusion than safety.
Buffer is simply not the right abstraction for complex protocols, regardless of how "complex" operations you define.
The parsing and validation routine is where you need the buffer abstraction. If you make a mistake there then a copy function that won't let you read or write past the end of the buffer will mitigate the damage.
Incidentally, this is another reason that the language can't save you from yourself. Program termination is sometimes totally unreasonable, e.g. in real-time settings. And it's unreasonable regardless of the language. When an airplane falls out of the sky, you don't get to declare victory just because the reason it did was an uncaught out of bounds exception rather than a buffer overrun. In that context the programmer must explicitly handle the condition that the buffer is too small, regardless of the language, because "abnormal program termination" is not an acceptable outcome.