- The iridium satellite network, which provides phone service, also provides a Short Burst Data service, which I suspect could be used for this purpose.
- The Argo network tracks thousands of ocean drifters (http://www.argos-system.org/?nocache=0.9626778103411198). Some of those drifters are using the Iridium network now.
Iridium only has ~8Mhz of bandwidth, that is fine for a sensor platform that probably only transmits a couple of times a day, but could quickly run into trouble with constant positional updates from thousands of planes (especially with streaming of cockpit data recorders, as has been argued for as well). And the saturation of the Iridium network is not something that can be controlled without extensive re-engineering to enable QOS.
Such a system also wouldn't be immune to being disabled as the current tracking systems are. People need to learn to live with uncertainty instead of trying to remove it.