I'll concentrate on the mistakes. If I were to criticise all the other many weird formulations and expressions in this guide which make it hard to unambiguously understand what the author meant, I would still sit and be typing here tomorrow.

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> A code comment in Perl begins with a hash #

Hashes are already something different in Perl. Avoid ambiguity, use the common name of that character: number sign.

> procedure

This word is used through-out, but the official Perl documentation does not mention it. Use the word subroutine (or just sub for short) instead.

> The $ prefix references a variable as a scalar

> Array variables use the prefix @

This is the wrong explanation. The sigil denotes the mode of access, @ indicating the expression evaluating to a list value, $ indicating a single value. This becomes clear when one examines slices of a compound data structure.

    @arr = ("foo","bar","baz");
    $arr[1];    # "bar"
    @arr[2,3];  # ("bar", "baz")

    %hash = ("foo", 1, "bar", 2);
    $hash{"foo"};        # 1
    @hash{"foo", "bar"}; # (1, 2)

The guide mentions the change from @ to $ or from % to $ only in passing without explanation, and does not mention slices at all.

> Hash variables expect an array for initialization.

No, a list.

> three contexts in which an expression may be evaluated:

> 1. scalar

> 2. array

> 3. void

No, the second is list context.

> Is localtime() returning a scalar, or an array?

No, a scalar or a list.

> By default, the arguments to a procedure are in the array context, which means that the comma operator expects both of its operands to be arrays. It promotes them to single-element arrays if they are scalars.

> It seems that the function call still flattened out the arrays (and hashes) when making the call.

This is completely misleading. A sub takes always a list. What is described here has nothing to do with arguments, but is the consequence of the specifics of how values are evaluated into a list. This also happens, for example, on list assignment.

> all of the following are equivalent procedure calls:

> print3 (1,2,3) ;

> &print3 (1,2,3) ;

This is wrong, there is a difference, it just did not show up in the example.

> In fact, the argument isn’t even hash, despite what the specifier says

Refer to the documentation: when not backslashed, % is defined to behave like @.

> sub use_hash (%) {

> print $_[0]{"foo"} ;

> print $_{"foo"} ;

> print @_{"foo"} ;

> }

> use_hash ("foo" => 1701) ; # prints nothing

No wonder. The code is broken.

@_ contains a plain list value. To access it with a hash subscript, turn it into a hashref first.

    print +{ @_ }->{"foo"};
    print ${ {@_} }{"foo"};

> The specifier & expects to receive a function

Not function, coderef is the appropriate word.

> To accept a bareword filehandle as an argument, it becomes necessary to use the rarely used * prototype specifier

Simply passing *F is also possible, no prototype involved.

> The repetition operator x repeats a string or an array,

No, it repeats single or list values. Scalars are coerced into their string representation, and lists are simply repeated unchanged.

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Closing words: This is amateur hour, not worthy of a professor. Advice for next time: consult domain experts and have them proof-read before publishing, and also always give your documents a last-modification date and version history, or at least a version identifier.