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Re:Rosetta: ESA’s ‘sleeping beauty’ wakes up from deep space... by XorNot on Monday January 20, 2014 @11:41PM (#7093493)
Don't know about exploration, but SpaceX runs Linux for all it's rocket firmware and I imagine Dragon capsules will as well.
Re:Rosetta: ESA’s ‘sleeping beauty’ wakes up from deep space... by ddeck on Tuesday January 21, 2014 @02:13AM (#7093882)
There was as discussion with John Muratore (SpaceX director of vehicle certification) posted on HN a while back with some interesting notes on this:

https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=6125834