Docker depends on a bunch of kernel features that are not available in RHEL/CentOS/SL. I think specifically it's the filesystem stuff. As to Debian, I think even that lags behind Ubuntu enough that it is not possible.

Edit: Was easy enough to google: http://docs.docker.io/en/latest/installation/kernel/

  In short, Docker has the following kernel requirements:

  Linux version 3.8 or above.
  AUFS support.
  Cgroups and namespaces must be enabled.