> a white document window without any toolbars
How did you set that up?
you can do
SetOptions[EvaluationNotebook[], DockedCells :> {}]
and there are options to remove the window frame, etc. but i think if you are using certain licenses the toolbar may not disappear. and the main toolbar never disappears, to my dismayI think it was a default. Or, at least, with one formatting toolbar which I simply disabled. I never used palettes of special symbols: it was easier to remember some common shortcuts via "escape" key (e.g. Euler constant is <escape> ee <escape>)
The design of the language, user interface and depth and clarity of documentation makes me think that Wolfram Research is even more design-obsessive than Apple. Stephen Wolfram takes credit for too many things (like Jobs), but he also delivers amazing stuff.