Depends on the cause of the corruption. If the physical drive is going bad, then diskutil should at least report some errors. But HFS+ doesn't checksum anything. If you have a flaky controller or just an errant solar ray flipping a bit, there's nothing diskutil can do about it. A 0 is as valid a bit as 1, so as far as diskutil can tell, all you did was save a change to a file somewhere.

You can verify your time machine backups periodically though.