You can google "compilation copyright", or see http://www.pddoc.com/copyright/compilation.htm for example (second hit). Note that it gives you much more limited protection than a traditional copyright, in that you only have a copyright on the collection, it does not give you a copyright over the parts. However, it sounds like the potential infringement in question is for the entire collection.
Whether or not Fluther could claim a compilation copyright would probably be a matter for lawyers to work out in court, by which I mean, it's an awfully close call. The courts have interpreted the word "creative" fairly liberally, but I could see a court saying that simply passing through the posts of other people with no editorial oversight and collecting them together does not itself meet a standard for creativity. Who knows, though? The list of things courts have judged to not meet the creativity criterion is quite short.
And Fluther's very complaint against Mahalo -- the removal of Fluther's full context -- suggests Mahalo isn't infringing the aspects showing originality at all.
Honestly, I don't know if we have a case here, but I'm curious to hear what people think.
Is Google in "a lot of trouble" for their behavior? Should they be?
Are you angry they're making questions by your users seem like they were written by Fluther itself? That seems a legitimate concern, but your own Twitter stream similarly blurs question authorship.
Are you angry that they synthesized a 'fluther' account on Mahalo and thus made it look a little like you're endorsing Mahalo with your participation? That's what I would be most angry about, if my question-tweets were showing up, under my unique username, at a site I'd never opted into. But one remedy for that concern might then be to remove attribution -- making the questions from 'an unnamed Twitter user'.
I'm not sure Fluther has a case under copyright law. Especially if short and to-the-point, questions are unlikely to be considered copyrightable.
If your company's 'righteous mission' is building the biggest question and answer database, scraping all public sources of questions allowable by law seems a legitimate tactic, even if it peeves some of the sources.