Good point, but this would require composable SQL in the typesystem, right? Maybe libraries like SQLAlchemy come close to that (or maybe are already there?) but look how long it took.

Type systems tell you when your code is wrong. You don't have to do any SQL manipulation in your type system, you just make sure that SQL and non-SQL data have different types, and carry on as normal. If your code is joining functions together in an unsafe way, the type system will reject it and you have to go back and change it. If it's safe, they type system accepts it and then the code can be compiled into some untyped* language (assembly, Javascript, JVM bytecode, whatever)

* By 'untyped' I mean that the type-system that you were using is no longer enforcing anything. There may be another type system in the compiler target.

It would actually be possible to use a type system to compose SQL; we could use this to guarantee there are no syntax errors. For example we could have a types "SqlTable", "SqlQueryType", "SqlWhereCondition", "SqlComparisonOperator", etc.

However, we don't need to do anything nearly so elaborate to stop SQL injection. We just need a type "SqlQuery", since that will be instantly unusable by all string concatenation functions. We then make a concatenation function for SqlQuery values and a "stringToSqlQuery" function (or ".toSqlQuery" method, if you prefer) which converts strings to SqlQuery values by escaping them.

This way, we've turned SQL escaping into a type coercion, so we can only pass the type checker by escaping every string we put in our queries. Note also that it solves the double-escaping problem: since escaped strings have a different type to unescaped strings, we can't send them back through the escape function; ie. "stringToSqlQuery(stringToSqlQuery(foo))" is a type error.

In a typical loosely typed language, such as php et al., just keep the query and the data separate. E.g.:

    $params = array();
    $sql = "select * from foobars where 1";
    if (isset($_GET['name'])) {
      $sql .= " and name = :name"
      $params[':name'] = $_GET['name'];
    }
    $stmt = $db->prepare($sql);
    $stmt->execute($params);