The global network hash rate is currently 35 Thash/s.
A typical GPU found in a supercomputer (Nvidia Tesla K10/K20/C20xx) does roughly 100-200 Mhash/s.
A typical modern CPU core does roughly 1-2 Mhash/s.
You would either need 175k-350k GPUs, or 17.5M-35M CPU cores to attack Bitcoin. If you look at the Top500 list, they have maybe a few tens of thousands of GPUs combined, and about 10M CPU cores (watch out, the core counts in the list combines CPUs and GPUs, I found this out when making sense of the numbers years ago: http://blog.zorinaq.com/?e=14 )
Plus the network hash rate is predicted to increase by at least +20 Thash/s (to 55 Thash/s total) in the next month due to Avalon finishing delivery of their first batch of ASICs. Bottom line, no, all Top500 computers combined could not attack Bitcoin.
(Just curious)
And if they were really serious they could 'just' devote some computing time to destroying the blockchain.
5 of the top 10 (out of the Top500) computers are in the US. If they were really serious they'd spend the money and burn the time and own the block chain.