In addition, I've moved to vim as a text editor and tried to avoid IDEs where possible.
The biggest thing to do is break your addiction to Visual Studio and the luxury tooling. That's harder for some programmers to do, but it opens a lot of doors with other stacks.
With that said, most .NET developers probably prefer their .NET OSS projects to have visual studio files so its easier to link into their projects.
* Multi-unit testing framework and refactoring support
* Third-party extensibility support
The biggest roadblocks to .NET development/adoption are not toolchain related IMO, they are platform related. If you want to bring up a farm of windows boxes, you're gonna pay.
* Testing can be done through other tools such as Nunit.
* With VS2012, you get extensions developed by Microsoft, such as NuGet.
Working on C# OSS means stealing licenses from your employer, buying an MSDN subscription on your own dime, or evangelizing enough to get an MVP award so you get all the tooling for free. The free Express editions of the tools have built in limitations that don't make them viable for building Big Data projects. Other options exist, but pale in comparison to Visual Studio so they don't get much use.
As for mono, the uptick for the OSS stuff just isn't there and even Xamarin is leaning on commercial offerings to become a viable business. Maybe as they get more successful they can sponsor some C# server projects, but that may be a ways off.
This is all unfortunate, as C# really is a great language.