It's not that classical logic is useless, it's just that it's not particularly appropriate to choose as the basis for a system built on algorithms. This goes both ways. Set theory was taken as the foundation of arithmetic, et al. because type theory was simply too unwieldy for human beings scrawling algebras on blackboards.
So not sure it would be "unwieldy", it's a remarkably simple addition and it may avoid some of the pain points with sets? But again, not even a mathematician.
I don’t think that logic holds in mainstream mathematics (it will hold in constructive mathematics by definition, and may hold in slightly more powerful philosophies op mathematics) because there, we can prove the existence of many functions and numbers that aren’t computable.
Classical logic was rejected in computer science because the non-constructive nature made it inappropriate for an ostensibly constructive domain. Theoretical mathematics has plenty of uses to prove existences and then do nothing with the relevant object. A computer, generally, is more interested in performing operations over objects, which requires more than proving the object exists. Additionally, while you can implement evaluation of classical logic with a machine, it's extremely unwieldy and inefficient, and allows for a level of non-rigor that proves to be a massive footgun.