Do you remember the title of that story, by chance?
Profession (1957)
Profession as sibling said, available here: https://www.inf.ufpr.br/renato/profession.html
The wikipedia entry also has link to the text but the above is nicer IMHO, just the raw text. From a previous HN discussion some weeks ago!
A certain group of people have something wrong with their brain where they can't be "educated" and are forced to learn by studying and such. The protagonist of the story is one of these people and feels ashamed at his disability and how everyone around him effortlessly knows things he has to struggle to learn.
He finds out (SPOILER) that he was actually selected for a "priesthood" of creative/problem solvers, because the education process gives knowledge without the ability to apply it creatively. It allows people to rapidly and easily be trained on some process but not the ability to reason it out.