It's been done a few times. Biomega and Puma made a bike with a structural wire that could be used to lock the bike; cutting the wire made the bike unrideable. There's the n'lock, which lets you turn MTB style handlebars sideways for hallway storage, but also acts as a theft deterrent, since you can't ride the bike with floppy bars. Removable pedals (Wellgo QRD, MKS EZY, etc). And dozens more.

There's a problem with designs like this. Bikes are very portable; thieves can walk with them, shoulder them, stick them in a van. The designs do not discourage the thief from cutting your U-lock in the first place - they only discover the bike is unrideable as they try to leave, and your bike still has value in parts.