Rust, julia, elixir

All those came after Python/C/C++ etc which were all from the wild-west of the "what is package management?" dark ages. The designers of those languages almost certainly thought the exact thought of "how can we do package management better than existing technology like pip?"

julia just store the analogue of a requirements.txt (Project.toml) and the lock file (Manifest.toml). And has its own package issues including packages regularly breaking for every minor release (although i enjoy the language and will keep using it)

yep, i was wrong about julia.

Rust doesn't store dependencies under your project dir, but it does build them under your target.

It’s fairly common for Perl apps to use Carton (more or less a Perl clone of Bundler) to install vendored dependencies.

Oh that's nice. When I last looked (quite a long time ago), local::lib seemed to be the recommended way, and that seemed a bit more fiddly than python's virtualenv.

Carton uses local::lib under the covers. I found local::lib far less fiddly than virtualenv myself, but it just doesn't try to do as much as virtualenv. These days I do PHP for a living, and for all the awfulness in php, they did nail it with composer.