Plenty of hypothesizing recently that literacy as we know it might have been a merely an intermediate phase in human civilization, between total lack of literacy and future human–human communication or human–computer interfacing through emoji-rich shortform text and voice. And even well before the rise of the smartphone, one might have occasionally heard in nerd circles that boring prose literature is superseded by manga: “look at what Japanese people are reading on the train, and their society is doing fine”.