How much of that is still at high rates? Ireland’s (at one point the second-highest debt to gdp ratio in the eurozone) average cost of debt servicing is ~1.5%; at that rate you don’t _want_ to pay it off. At least in Ireland it was largely refinanced since the crisis; I’d guess it’s similar in the other high-debt nations (except possibly Greece, where refinancing might be difficult).

Portugal is in a similar boat to Greece.

Ireland is very business and FDI friendly, has a fairly decent budget, and worked very hard to resolve it's debt problem in the 2010s.

Ireland now has a ratio similar to that of Germany's, and Ireland has a credit rating of AAA for years now while Portugal only recently made it to BAA in the past year.

But it's always taxes on productive middle+ class. It's never land value tax so we can free up land and use it more efficiently or higher taxes on polluting businesses as that would hurt their owners or wealth tax so people who actually benefit the most from stable/safe country pay. It must be young generation to pay for mistakes of the previous one.