I’ll beat a bit of a dead horse with this one. This is why I’m not a big fan of water/pipe analogies when it comes to the study of electricity, electromagnetism and somewhere down the line electronics. While I understand early pioneers used “fluid” as a kind of hypothesis, I do not think they used them as analogies. I think they were trying to derive what was happening by comparing and seeing if their observations matched their line of thinking. All analogies break down relatively quickly the moment you attempt to work upwards from first principles (as we presently understand them which for all intents and purposes is “good enough” given we got many things to work just fine.)

The reality of the situation is far more impressive and engrossing if we attempt to truly get a handle on what is happening. Only then can we have a clearer idea of the nature of things like impedance and where/why/how the formulas that we use are derived from.