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Re:Computer Scientists Invent an Efficient New Way to Count by imglorp on Friday May 17, 2024 @09:48AM (#40389828)
On that note, I'm also unfamiliar with this \ operator notation which is used without explanation.

    X ← X \ {ai}
Re:Computer Scientists Invent an Efficient New Way to Count by jtanderson on Friday May 17, 2024 @09:59AM (#40389984)
That is conventional set subtraction notation. "Assign to X the same set minus all elements of the set {a_i}".

One example source, but it is pretty common in general: http://www.mathwords.com/s/set_subtraction.htm

Re:Computer Scientists Invent an Efficient New Way to Count by rocqua on Friday May 17, 2024 @10:02AM (#40390021)
Set difference.

Set X becomes X without element ai. This is the case whether ai was in the set X before the step was taken.