SSH certificates solve this issue.
AFAIK there is no equivalent for Passkeys.
Unfortunately SSH certificates have really poor uptake in practice, and it's essentially unheard of to have a personal CA instead of a per-company CA.
But yes, having a single long-living "primary key" everyone can trust which you'd use to generate short-living per-device "secondary keys" would indeed be the ideal solution.
I agree that you should use a different key per device, but when you connect to over a dozen different services/machines it quickly starts to become a serious chore to add another key. Have fun spending an hour enrolling your new device - provided you can even remember every single usage it should be enrolled with.