One significant event not mentioned was the failure of AMD’s Barcelona server architecture in 2008 or so. Opteron had been deep g Intel on its toes, and Barcelona with nested page tables (hardware memory virtualization) would have continued their run as a strong server competitor. But there was a bug in their nested page tables that would occasionally corrupt memory, and they had to sell it as the gamer Phenom, turning off the virtualization support. It took years to recover.