A real piano is also profoundly lacking in expressive control over timbre (excluding extended techniques like half-pedaling or directly touching the strings that hardly ever show up in the repertoire). The only control the piano gives you over note timbre is how hard you press the key. Once you've done that, the hammer disconnects from the key and flies through the air out of your control.

A keyboard with polyphonic aftertouch, such as the Yamaha CS-80 (famously played by Vangelis), is objectively more expressive than a piano.

> The only control the piano gives you over note timbre is how hard you press the key.

This is just not true at all. The action of a piano is a very sophisticated mechanism that conveys both acceleration and velocity, along with the initial position of the key (e.g. fully released or half-pressed). This allows for a huge amount of tonal variation, though it's more subtle than a ribbon controller, and obviously a synth can do many things than a piano cannot.

The piano action physically disconnects the hammer from the key after you press it. Here's a diagram:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_(piano)#/media/File:For...

All the complexity you mention only affects how the repetition lever (part 9) briefly bumps against the hammer shank (part 8). The only information this imparts to the hammer is velocity, and once it happens there's no more contact until the hammer falls back down. The hammer can't somehow remember what caused it to travel at a specific velocity and strike the string differently. There's only a single degree of freedom in its movement. What you perceive as "a huge amount of tonal variation" is mostly note timing.

>This is just not true at all.

It's entirely true for the attack, because of the escapement mechanism. At the point at which the hammer makes contact with the string, the hammer is mechanically disconnected from the key and moving purely through inertia. Once you've tripped the escapement, the hammer is beyond your control and pure physics takes over; the only variable is the velocity of the hammer when the escapement is tripped.

The release phase is controlled by a single parameter, albeit one that can vary over time. The key is holding up the damper, which returns to the string under gravity. A continuous value representing the range of motion of the key would be sufficient to model this with absolute accuracy. Digital pianos invariably sense release velocity rather than key position, because it's much cheaper to implement and is perfectly sufficient in virtually all cases; the range of motion between partial and full damping is so limited as to provide only a very limited degree of expressive control.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XthnCDTnAGw

I don't have a good analytical response to this. Your comment doesn't pass the smell test for the following reason: I am a fairly serious jazz guitarist, and it seems to me like most great guitarists can be quickly identified by ear after playing three notes: Charlie Christian, Joe Pass, Blind Willie Johnson, Mary Halvorson, Django Reinhardt, etc. In some cases just one note is enough: B.B. King, Wes Montgomery, T-Bone Walker, Jimi Hendrix. (60 years later and still nobody plays octaves as well as Wes did).

Obviously some of their sound is tied to specific guitar models, but their tone is still easily identified on other guitars. And although these players were creative improvisers, that's not what I mean. Simply put: if it's a great guitarist, you can hear their hands like you can hear a singer's mouth. (Though hands are clumsy compared to mouths, and guitars are clumsy compared to horns.)

I am not anti-synth or anti-electronic music. But I do not believe any existing synth controller provides the expressive possibilities of an electric guitar, even Allan Holdsworth's goofy breath controller. Maybe I'm wrong and there's a great example out there on YouTube. But it seems to me that for an individual to express their individuality with a synth, they need to play a longer musical fragment and color their expression with timing, volume, vibrato, etc. Three notes "with pizazz" will not really be enough.

There are a lot of famous guitar players, but there really aren't a lot of expressive controller players. I don't know of anyone who is famous for playing the Linnstrument, or the Osmose, or Continuum.

Vangelis and the CS-80 is maybe an exception, though even if his songs are very recognizable, probably a lot of people could convincingly imitate him.

Maybe Wendy Carlos could count too.

Carlos was great at deliberate performances, but if there are any 'Carlos Live' recordings, I haven't heard one! But then LOTS of people grew up learning to play instruments from great teachers for centuries ... not so many with synths.