So you're right, you could use ham radio, but it does require a license, but it's probably not hard to get.
Also, if you've an emergency, technically whatever you need to do to get help is fine. But it had better be a life and death emergency. Especially if you end up taking over the radio to a government agency, e.g. FAA or DoD.
Yep. If you're reading this, you probably have the technical background to pass the Technician exam pretty easily.
A big chunk of the exam is stuff you learned in the physics class you probably had to take along the way. The rest is largely about specific regulations, like the power limit at this frequency is X, and don't build a tower more than Y tall within Z of airport.
If you can remember "frequency * wavelength = speed of light" and "watts = volts * amps", you could probably get a passing score on the technical part of it without studying in advance.
General and Extra are more like "OK, here's how you can get as close as possible to those things we told you not do to without getting in trouble."