[1] Really the amortized upgrade cost. Remember that chips are dinosaur technology already, and have known problems. What's the point of doing an upgrade if you need to dump it all and start over in 6 years anyway?
It seems like the upgrade of terminal equipment could be done quite cheaply if it was done as part of the regular cycle of equipment refresh, for example.
I'm not sure how many PoS are already equipped to deal with chip cards. In the USA/Canada it's hit or miss (most misses), and in Europe it was the standard 10 years ago (but most readers take swipe cards).
Replacing cards is cheap and they can be replaced as they expire
What would be the upgrade cost for each PoS? $100? Some systems are more integrated than others (like card reader integrated with the register as one device) so this may cost more.
Or maybe it's just a matter of issuing the cards to justify the stores to upgrade.
So they aren't really moving in the direction of issuing cards with chips. I never actually encountered a situation where I was aware I could use the chip, over 5 years or whatever it was.
Absolutely not!
In the US fraud may be small (but it's increasing). But magnetic stripes are very unsafe
Chip'n'Pin may have some issues, but it's much safer to most common attacks such as
- card stripers (very inconspicuous) - physical theft of the card (because it requires a pin)
And, as someone that had a striped card, it's a pain (even if liabilities are $0)