I suspect that there are too many differences for me to really list., but for starters MacOS supports multiple user accounts and has beeen built from its inception to allow people to install software from anywhere.

For several years now, MacOS has blocked unsigned apps from running. You have to manually enable every single app installed this way inside System Preferences > Security.

Android handles it the same way.

Nope - yuo just right-click on the app and chose 'Open' from the menu. No need to go into preferences.