Oh boy, do I have a treat for you. Try saving the following as `input.md`:

    # Hello *world*
    
    ## Math
    
    $$x = 2 \cdot y^3$$
    
    - foo
    - bar
    - baz
    
    1. Yes
    2. No
    3. Maybe
    
    ---
    
      Right     Left     Center     Default
    -------     ------ ----------   -------
         12     12        12            12
        123     123       123          123
          1     1          1             1
    
    Table:  Demonstration of simple table syntax.

Then run

    pandoc -t html input.md | xclip -selection clipboard -t 'text/html'

And paste into a Google doc.