There is a large amount of theoretical research on the subject of energy limits in computing. For example, Landauer's principle states any irreversible change in information requires some amount of dissipated heat, and therefore some energy input [1].

Reversible computing is an attempt to get around this limit by removing irreversible state changes [2].

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landauer%27s_principle

[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversible_computing