In the case where a private company has issued options or shares as a part of compensation, another way to pay back employees would be to do a stock buyback program. E.g. if I was an early employee and got options with a $1/share strike price, but the current going rate for new-employee options is $5/share, the company could offer to buy back my options from me at $4 each (or if I'd exercised those options, they could buy the shares back at the full $5 price).

If the general understanding was that the founders (well, board) weren't chasing an acquisition or IPO, this might be a good deal for employees. Of course, if the company is VC-backed (and the founders don't have majority control anymore), the VCs probably wouldn't go for this sort of thing.

I do actually wonder if the current trend of consolidation is driven in part by the standard VC-backed startup formula. Getting acquired is usually a lot easier than going public. Instead of startups fueling long-term competition, they just end up getting gobbled up by larger players most of the time, fueling consolidation and monopolistic behavior.