I've worked with "research" code and the lack of best practices is very true. Few to no tests. Little to no modularization or reuse. The same code copy-and-pasted all over the place. Reinventing the wheel poorly instead of using a 3rd party package/library. Dev environments that are difficult to reproduce since various pieces are either not checked in or in some external drive share. I won't even talk about the actual code itself.