In any of those fields, and computers science, there is a spectrum.

Deep research areas in computer science would be foundations of databases, cryptography, formal verification, statistical heuristics, core algorithms behind deep learning, ...

Since so many areas in computer science are relatively new, there is generally more flexibility in who might be considered great at research. The field includes many unusually creative individual practitioners who have produced great work without a Ph.D.

But Ph.D.s are still very much in demand and common for research positions in these highly technical, high value areas.