That book Code, by Charles Petzold, is good. It starts talking about the development of switches and relays, then logic gates, then how to add and subtract with logic gates, build memory from logic gates, then about the first integrated circuits from the mid-1970's, the 8080, and I don't remember what else.

It's more computing focused that electronics focused, but it's a great entrypoint for learning about how logic gates translate into an algorithmic unit and memory.