Yes, I think that's what I said? Every attack no matter how deep it seemed to be has been patchable in microcode, sometimes at a cost in performance. But so far nobody had to toss the physical silicon, at least not with Intel. The malleability of these chips is quite fascinating.

The meltdown and spectre mitigations weren't patched in microcode, they were patched by changing the internal calling methods of the kernel.

I think it was both. There were initial software only patches, but those were quickly superseded by microcode+kernel patches, where microcode added features the kernel enabled. IBRS or something like that.

It was both, and none of them completely addressed the problem. They did need new hardware for that.

On some Skylake CPUs to get full mitigations you are taking a 30% performance penalty _and_ you need to disable SMT which is often another double digit penalty. It's not a literal "toss the physical silicon", but it's getting there.

In fact my thesis is that it's never a literal "toss the physical silicon" because the kernel is able to take control when switching between tasks so (with help from the microcode) it's able to wipe all potential speculation vectors (at an arbitrarily expensive cost) before switching to the next task. This also explains why SMT is unfixably broken on some processors, since by design the kernel does not intervene in the task switching on the virtual cores.

What's interesting is that the FDIV bug from 1994 could also be worked around, but Intel recalled and wrote off those processors[1]. For their latest several problems, their response was more of a "sucks to be you". While they provided microcode updates and worked with OS vendors, there were performance impacts that materially affected the value of the chips.

1. https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/history/history-1994...

The software workaround for the FDIV bug required the actual userspace software to be modified and recompiled. There was a decade of pre-existing software out there that would be hard to fix, especially in the days before most people had the internet.

There was nothing the OS could do to work around the bug, short of disabling the entire FPU and falling back to expensive software emulation of all floating point math.

The workarounds for all these speculation bugs can be mostly applied at the operating system and/or microcode level, and is comparably cheap.