The UK education system has the concept of "Progress 8" aka P8. It's somewhat controversial but tries to assess the progress a school makes with students between the ages of 12-16, compared to "baseline" - or the average for students with similar starting positions/demographics. It's a somewhat helpful way of assessing which schools are making a difference, but is quite blunt - eg you don't get a separate P8 score for high vs low performing students.