Yes, plenty of memory-unsafety vulnerabilities exist, but modern mitigations like stack cookies, ASLR, (and sometimes) sandboxing and PAC make it unlikely that e.g. a buffer overflow is exploitable without other factors such as an information leak from your machine back to the attacker. (This might be the case on publicly-accessible servers, but probably not on your laptop.)

The vulnerability being discussed here is unusually dangerous because it's more like command injection, and mitigations aren't going to help.