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Re:Fastmail 30 June outage post-mortem by micah94 on Thursday July 06, 2023 @05:42PM (#36623493)
...bolted on top of DNS.
Re:Fastmail 30 June outage post-mortem by _joel on Sunday July 09, 2023 @07:27AM (#36653587)
Sure, in addition to this though. IP reputation comes from spamhaus.org and the like and implemented in spamassassin or something similar, at SMTP(ish) level.

What you're talking about there is SPF/DKIM etc, which is an anti-spam measure but not IP reputation :)