Tesla is probably the biggest example that springs to mind. I'm not sure they were any different from the myriad of other car startups that come and go all the time.

I think Github and Linkedin (both acquired by MS) are both more popular now but I presume they would have continued to grow in popularity anyway, so I don't know if it had anything to do with the takeover.

Instagram is another one that has done well, but again it might have done well anyway.